RC circuits can produce useful output waveforms such as square, triangular and sawtooth, when a periodic waveform are applied to its input
RC circuits have the ability to produce different output shapes of RC waveforms depending on the type and frequency (period) of signal waveform applied to its input terminals.
In the previous RC Charging and Discharging tutorials, we saw how a capacitor has the ability to both charge and discharges itself through a series connected resistor. The time taken for this capacitor to either fully charge or fully discharge is equal to five RC time constants or 5T when a constant DC voltage is either applied or removed.
But what would happen if we changed this constant DC supply to a pulsed or square-wave waveform that constantly changes from a maximum value to a minimum value at a rate determined by its time period or frequency. How would this affect an RC waveforms shape for a given RC time constant value?
We saw previously that the capacitor charges up to 5T when a voltage is applied and discharges down to 5T when it is removed. In RC charging and discharging circuits this 5T time constant value always remains true as it is fixed by the resistor-capacitor (RC) combination. Then the actual time required to fully charge or discharge the capacitor can only be changed by changing the value of either the capacitor itself or the resistor in the circuit and this is shown below.
Useful wave shapes can be obtained by using RC circuits with the required time constant. If we apply a continuous square wave voltage waveform to the RC circuit whose pulse width matches that exactly of the 5RC time constant ( 5T ) of the circuit, then the voltage waveform across the capacitor would produce RC waveforms looking something like this:
The voltage drop across the capacitor alternates between charging up to Vc and discharging down to zero according to the input voltage. Here in this example, the frequency (and therefore the resulting time period, ƒ = 1/T) of the input square wave voltage waveform exactly matches twice that of the 5RC time constant.
This (10RC) time constant allows the capacitor to fully charge during the “ON” period (0-to-5RC) of the input waveform and then fully discharge during the “OFF” period (5-to-10RC) resulting in a perfectly matched RC waveform.
If the time period of the input waveform is made longer (lower frequency, ƒ < 1/10RC) for example an “ON” half-period pulse width equivalent to say “8RC”, the capacitor would then stay fully charged longer and also stay fully discharged longer producing an RC waveform as shown.
If however we now reduced the total time period of the input waveform (higher frequency, ƒ > 1/10RC), to say “4RC”, the capacitor would not have sufficient time to either fully charge during the “ON” period or fully discharge during the “OFF” period. Therefore the resultant voltage drop across the capacitor, Vc would be less than its maximum input voltage producing an RC waveform as shown below.
Then by varying the RC time constant or the frequency of the input waveform, we can vary the voltage across the capacitor producing a relationship between Vc and time, t. This relationship can be used to change the shape of various waveforms so that the output waveform across the capacitor barely resembles that of the input.
The Integrator is a type of Low Pass Filter circuit that converts a square wave input signal into a triangular waveform output. As seen above, if the 5RC time constant is long compared to the time period of the input RC waveform the resultant output will be triangular in shape and the higher the input frequency the lower will be the output amplitude compared to that of the input.
From which we derive an ideal voltage output for the integrator as:
The Differentiator is a High Pass Filter type of circuit that can convert a square wave input signal into high frequency spikes at its output. If the 5RC time constant is short compared to the time period of the input waveform, then the capacitor will become fully charged more quickly before the next change in the input cycle.
When the capacitor is fully charged the output voltage across the resistor is zero. The arrival of the falling edge of the input waveform causes the capacitor to reverse charge giving a negative output spike, then as the square wave input changes during each cycle the output spike changes from a positive value to a negative value.
from which we have an ideal voltage output for the Differentiator as:
If we now change the input RC waveform of these RC circuits to that of a sinusoidal Sine Wave voltage signal the resultant output RC waveform will remain unchanged and only its amplitude will be affected. By changing the positions of the Resistor, R or the Capacitor, C a simple first order Low Pass or a High Pass filters can be made with the frequency response of these two circuits dependant upon the input frequency value.
Low-frequency signals are passed from the input to the output with little or no attenuation, while high-frequency signals are attenuated significantly to almost zero. The opposite is also true for a High Pass filter circuit. Normally, the point at which the response has fallen 3dB (cut-off frequency, ƒC) is used to define the filters bandwidth and a loss of 3dB corresponds to a reduction in output voltage to 70.7 percent of the original value.
where RC is the time constant of the circuit previously defined and can be replaced by tau, T. This is another example of how the Time Domain and the Frequency Domain concepts are related.
Picture in the chapter The RC differentiator – If sqare signal going at capacitor, jumps up from zero to plus power, I would guess that pulse at second side of capacitor will reach negative polarity, as for typical capacitor. And when square signal fall from plus power to zero at input, it will induce output pulse from zero to plus polarity.
What can I do to minimize the high tone that comes from my robot when it is running
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Viewing the Differentiator as a High Pass Filter, with a Square wave input. You can “easily “, at least with out the differentiation, construct the output signal. Looking at the square wave as a Fourier Series and the circuit as a voltage divider, you can calculate the terms as they run through the filter. After the amplitude and phase is calculated for each term, they are added and plotted.
This is a long procedure, however if you understand the way a filter works for a sine wave, it makes sense how the output is arrived at. The same procedure applies to Integrator.
I wish I could attach a file.
The information cited above is really helpful to refresh the basics of electronics. Could you also derive the formulas rather than stating them directly. Thanks 🙂
its very informative tutorial.
Hii I want to make a square to sine wave converter circuit of 50Hz and voltage is 5v so which circut should i prefer with its value and explanation
plz reply
Thankyou:
any breadboard setups i can do at home to learn this on oscilloscope?
need a function gen to generate the square wave?
thanks
john
ok
I want some details about op-Amp and Frequency generator,function generator , pulse and square wave generator, Timer 555 and help of it generation of square wave and triangular wave generator.
Your explain was helpful for me in RC circuit Integration and differentiation.
For a rc circuit …what happens if input is periodic triangular voltage waveformm… input give at R and output taken across capacitor
Integration producing half-wave rectification
the explanation was so easy,
it helps me to complete my lab report
thanks a lot
Hello and thank you, I am building a fairly large robot and am need of stronger servos than the controller standardly uses. I see some RC servos which may do the trick. Can’t get the two to converse. Can i use a mini oscilloscope to change the wave form? The servos are not for locomotion but I am wondering if I can change my configuration to due same with large servos.
Thank you!!!
If your system allows configuration changes, then why not
Good
Kenapa vc (max) dekat 5T?
This was really helpful. Thanks!
I want to know how rise time or fall time depends on capacitor’s values?
waveform
its helpful
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