Binary Decoders

Binary Decoders

A Decoder is the exact opposite to that of an "Encoder" we looked at in the last tutorial. It is basically, a combinational type logic circuit that converts the binary code data at its input into one of a number of different output lines, one at a time producing an equivalent decimal code at its output. Binary Decoders have inputs of 2-bit, 3-bit or 4-bit codes depending upon the number of data input lines, and a "n-bit" decoder has 2ⁿ output lines. Typical combinations of decoders include, 2-to-4, 3-to-8 and 4-to-16 line configurations. Binary Decoders are available to "decode" either a Binary or BCD input pattern to typically a Decimal output code.

A 2-to-4 Binary Decoders.

In this simple example of a 2-to-4 line binary decoder, the binary inputs A and B determine which output line from D0 to D3 is "HIGH" at logic level "1" while the remaining outputs are held "LOW" at logic "0". Therefore, whichever output line is "HIGH" identifies the binary code present at the input, in other words it "de-codes" the binary input and these types of binary decoders are commonly used as Address Decoders in microprocessor memory applications.

Memory Address Decoder.

In modern microprocessor systems the amount of memory required can be quite high and is generally more than one single memory chip alone. One method of overcoming this problem is to connect lots of individual memory chips together and to read the data on a common "Data Bus". In order to prevent the data being "read" from each memory chip at the same time, each memory chip is selected individually one at time and this process is known as Address Decoding.

Each memory chip has an input called Chip Select or CS which is used by the MPU to select the appropriate memory chip and a logic "1" on this input selects the device and a logic "0" on the input de-selects it. By selecting or de-selecting each chip, allows us to select the correct memory device for a particular address and when we specify a particular memory address, the corresponding memory location exists ONLY in one of the chips.

For example, Lets assume we have a very simple microprocessor system with only 1Kb of RAM memory and 10 address lines. The memory consists of 128x8-bit (128x8 = 1024 bytes) devices and for 1Kb we will need 8 individual memory devices but in order to select the correct memory chip we will also require a 3-to-8 line binary decoder as shown below.

Memory Address Decoding.

The binary decoder requires 3 address lines, (A₀ to A₂) to select each one of the 8 chips (the lower part of the address), while the remaining 7 address lines (A₃ to A₉) select the correct memory location on that chip (the upper part of the address). Having selected a memory location using the address bus, the information at the particular internal memory location is sent to the "Data Bus" for use by the microprocessor. This is of course a simple example but the principals remain the same for all types of memory chips or modules.

Binary Decoders are very useful devices for converting one digital format to another, such as binary or BCD type data into decimal or octal etc and commonly available decoder IC's are the TTL 74LS138 3-to-8 line binary decoder or the 74ALS154 4-to-16 line decoder. They are also very useful for interfacing to 7-segment displays such as the TTL 74LS47 which we will look at in the next tutorial.